Forward Error Correction - meaning and definition. What is Forward Error Correction
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What (who) is Forward Error Correction - definition

SCHEME FOR CONTROLLING ERRORS IN DATA OVER NOISY COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
Error-correcting code; Forward error correction; Error correcting code; Error correcting codes; Channel coding; Forward Error Correction; Error Correcting Code; Interleaver; Error correction codes; Channel Coding; Error-correcting codes; Bit-interleaving; Forward error correction code; Forward error correction codes; Error correction coding; Error correcting coding; Error-correcting coding; Bit interleaving; Error-correction code; Error-correction coding; FEC code; Forward error recovery; List of error-correcting codes
  • A block code (specifically a [[Hamming code]]) where redundant bits are added as a block to the end of the initial message
  • A continuous code [[convolutional code]] where redundant bits are added continuously into the structure of the code word
  • A short illustration of interleaving idea

Forward Error Correction         
<algorithm> (FEC) A class of methods for controling errors in a one-way communication system. FEC sends extra information along with the data, which can be used by the receiver to check and correct the data. A CPU writing data to RAM is a kind of one-way communication - see error correcting memory and {error checking and correction}. (1996-10-02)
Error correction code         
In computing, telecommunication, information theory, and coding theory, an error correction code, sometimes error correcting code, (ECC) is used for controlling errors in data over unreliable or noisy communication channels. The central idea is the sender encodes the message with redundant information in the form of an ECC.
error detection and correction         
TECHNIQUES THAT ENABLE RELIABLE DELIVERY OF DIGITAL DATA OVER UNRELIABLE COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
Error-detecting system; Redundancy check; Error control; Error correction; Error-detecting code; Error detection; Error detector; Error checking; Error-correction; Error Control Coding; Error Correction; Error detecting code; Error Checking and Correcting; Error correction and detection; Error Detection; Error coding; Error detection code; Error recovery; Error-correcting; Error detection coding; Error detection & correction; EDAC (Linux); Bluesmoke (Linux); Error checking and correcting
<algorithm, storage> (EDAC, or "error checking and correction", ECC) A collection of methods to detect errors in transmitted or stored data and to correct them. This is done in many ways, all of them involving some form of coding. The simplest form of error detection is a single added {parity bit} or a cyclic redundancy check. Multiple parity bits can not only detect that an error has occurred, but also which bits have been inverted, and should therefore be re-inverted to restore the original data. The more extra bits are added, the greater the chance that multiple errors will be detectable and correctable. Several codes can perform Single Error Correction, Double Error Detection (SECDEC). One of the most commonly used is the Hamming code. At the other technological extreme, cuniform texts from about 1500 B.C. which recorded the dates when Venus was visible, were examined on the basis of contained redundancies (the dates of appearance and disappearance were suplemented by the length of time of visibility) and "the worst data set ever seen" by [Huber, Zurich] was corrected. RAM which includes EDAC circuits is known as {error correcting memory} (ECM). [Wakerly, "Error Detecting Codes", North Holland 1978]. [Hamming, "Coding and Information Theory", 2nd Ed, Prentice Hall 1986]. (1995-03-14)

Wikipedia

Error correction code

In computing, telecommunication, information theory, and coding theory, forward error correction (FEC) or channel coding is a technique used for controlling errors in data transmission over unreliable or noisy communication channels.

The central idea is that the sender encodes the message in a redundant way, most often by using an error correction code or error correcting code, (ECC). The redundancy allows the receiver not only to detect errors that may occur anywhere in the message, but often to correct a limited number of errors. Therefore a reverse channel to request re-transmission may not be needed. The cost is a fixed, higher forward channel bandwidth.

The American mathematician Richard Hamming pioneered this field in the 1940s and invented the first error-correcting code in 1950: the Hamming (7,4) code.

FEC can be applied in situations where re-transmissions are costly or impossible, such as one-way communication links or when transmitting to multiple receivers in multicast. Long-latency connections also benefit; in the case of a satellite orbiting Uranus, retransmission due to errors can create a delay of five hours. FEC is widely used in modems and in cellular networks, as well.

FEC processing in a receiver may be applied to a digital bit stream or in the demodulation of a digitally modulated carrier. For the latter, FEC is an integral part of the initial analog-to-digital conversion in the receiver. The Viterbi decoder implements a soft-decision algorithm to demodulate digital data from an analog signal corrupted by noise. Many FEC decoders can also generate a bit-error rate (BER) signal which can be used as feedback to fine-tune the analog receiving electronics.

FEC information is added to mass storage (magnetic, optical and solid state/flash based) devices to enable recovery of corrupted data, and is used as ECC computer memory on systems that require special provisions for reliability.

The maximum proportion of errors or missing bits that can be corrected is determined by the design of the ECC, so different forward error correcting codes are suitable for different conditions. In general, a stronger code induces more redundancy that needs to be transmitted using the available bandwidth, which reduces the effective bit-rate while improving the received effective signal-to-noise ratio. The noisy-channel coding theorem of Claude Shannon can be used to compute the maximum achievable communication bandwidth for a given maximum acceptable error probability. This establishes bounds on the theoretical maximum information transfer rate of a channel with some given base noise level. However, the proof is not constructive, and hence gives no insight of how to build a capacity achieving code. After years of research, some advanced FEC systems like polar code come very close to the theoretical maximum given by the Shannon channel capacity under the hypothesis of an infinite length frame.